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Title

The value of non-mydriatic fundus camera screening for diabetic retinopathy among type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients: hospital-based study.

Purpose	This study aims to evaluate the practicality and effectiveness of non-mydriatic funduscopic screening system for different retinal disease among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Methods	This cross-sectional hospital-based study recruited a total of 1009 diabetic patients were randomly selected from University Diabetes Center during the period from July to December 2017. Funduscopic eye examination was performed using non-mydriatic camera TRC-NW8, Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan using telemedicine pictures that were graded by retinal specialized ophthalmologist using the international clinical diabetic retinopathy disease severity scale. Patients were classified according to the type and severity of diabetic retinopathy.
Results	In this study, 40.5% of screened patients were found to have different types of diabetic retinopathy out of which 83.1% were NPDR and 12.4% were PDR. Macular edema prevalence was found to be 7.2%. The most important risk factor was longer diabetes duration and poor glycemic control. Both older age and insulin use contributed to higher prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. Diabetic retinopathy was more common among type 1 patients and more women were found to have macular edema. Hypertension was found to be 45.7% among patients with macular edema while it was only 36.9% among patients with diabetic retinopathy.
Conclusion	Retinal screening programs have proven to be practical, useful and effective in managing patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This study supports using non-mydriatic funduscopic pictures in screening for diabetic retinopathy.
Conflict of interest	No

Authors 1

Last name	ALSALEM
Initials	R
Department	College of Medicine
City	Riyadh

Authors 2

Last name	Alageel
Initials	M
Department	College of Medicine
City	Riyadh

Authors 3

Last name	Al Adel
Initials	F
Department	Ophthalmology
City	Riyadh

Authors 4

Last name	Yaslam
Initials	M
Department	Family Medicine
City	Riyadh

Authors 5

Last name	Youssef
Initials	A
Department	Registry Department
City	Riyadh

Authors 6

Last name	Al-Rubeaan
Initials	K
Department	University Diabetes Center
City	Riyadh